1
2
  -2023
..  
 
(    )
 : 3  : 75
:               
 -
1.    ?            
?               
2.       ?       

-
3.         ?
4.(a)       
(b)   ? C        
-
5.(a) if-else             
 ?
2
2
()        
6.                 
     
-
7.                
?
8. (a)               
()     
   ?      
 ?
3
2
  -2023
..  
 
(    )
 : 3  : 75
:               
 -
1.    ?            
?               
:   ?
          , -    
                
          (         
 )         ,     ,   
        
               ,   
    ,    ,  ,     
  ,  ,     C      
   , --       
-        ?
           
     :
1.   -        ,   
           
4
2
2.  -     ,      
       ,       
   
3. -         ,    
  ,           
4.        , -  -
             
            
5.           ,  
              
  ?
             :
               
   (--) 
         START, INPUT, PROCESS, OUTPUT,
END     
 -           
,                 

:       
       :
1.         
2.         
3.        3  
4.  ,      
           

"   "  
  1,  2,  3
 1 + 2 + 3
5
2
  / 3
" =",   
 " =", 

  -- 
1.  -      
2.  "   " -           
3.  num1, num2, num3 -      ,   num1, num2
 num3   
4. sum num1 + num2 + num3         sum  
 
5.   / 3 -        3       
    
6. DISPLAY "Sum =", sum      .
7. DISPLAY "Average =",  -     
8.      
 
      :
1 = 10
2 = 20
3 = 30
,     :
 = 10 + 20 + 30 = 60
 = 60 / 3 = 20
 :
 = 60
 = 20
        
6
2
              
   ,     :
1.   .
2.        
3.    
4.       
5.      
         -       
  ,       
      
         ,    C     
       C         :
#  <stdio.h>
 () {
 1, 2, 3, , ;
 ("   :");
("%f %f %f", &num1, &num2, &num3);
 = 1 + 2 + 3;
 =  / 3;
 (" = %.2f\n", );
(" = %.2f\n", );
0  ;
}
7
2

  -         
      ,          
,                C  
        
2.       ?       

:    
 ,             
   ,           
         ,     
   ,    ,           

           ,   
  ,    ,        
   ,  ,         
     
    
        ,      
       :
1.   
                
,               
 
:              
      :
:    
:  
: =  × 
8
2
   ,              
 ,     ,     
2. ,      
       ,      :
:     
:   
        
:       :
:   
: ,  
 : ,    ,       
3.      
      ,   ,      
       --       
:               :
1.       
2.          
3.          
4.     .
   ,     -    ,    
   
4.       
                
          
:     :
        
            
              
5.      
9
2
    ,              
             
:           :
   2  -1     
              , 
    
           
6.    
 C          
:             
                

: -    :
 
  % 2 == 0,  ""  
, ""  

             
7.     
  ,             
 
:  (  )  :
:C → : 32°F
:100°C → : 212°F
           

               -
     ,       ,  
10
2
  ,     ,         
 ,                
         ,      
     
-
3.         ?
: ,    C  ,        
            ,    
                  
       ,      ,    , 
        
1.  
                
               
        ,     -
-  --   ,          
   
C     :
():      ()       

():      ()       
 
fgetc():         
fputc():        
  ():         (,    ) 
             
     ?
getchar()  putchar():
o ()          , 
            
11
2
o ()        
                
         
gets()  fgets():
o gets()      ()        
    ( )        
          
o  , fgets()         ,   
          ,    
    
   :
:             
         
       ,       
 
   :
      ,      ,
   -      
  : ,          
   ,            
2.  
      ,           
                 
     ,          
C     :
():             
               ( 
,    ,      , )
():             
               
   (  , , -  , )
12
2
     ?
():()           
                 
            (%d), - 
(%f),  (%s)        
  :
int  = 25;
("  %d\n ", );
, %d                  
 
(): ()             
              ,
         ,   %d   
 ,    -     ,   %f 
 
:
int ;
 ("   :");
("%d", &);
("  : %d", );
   :
  :          
 ,   ,     ,   , 
   
 :            
  (, , , -  )
:       ,   -   
            
   :
:   ,     printf()  scanf() 
      ,   -  
        
13
2
         ,    
    
3.        
             
   :

 
 
 

   (,  ,
 )    
       
  (   )
 
      
(, , )    
    

     
    ,  
, scanf(), printf()
  /  
   ,   ,
getchar(), putchar()

     .
  ,   
  
 

  ,  
     
    
   ,  
     
4. 
  :
 :             ,
      ,      , 
         
 :              
   ,          (  ,
   //     )     
       -   
5 
 ,     -     
                 ,
14
2
              , 
               
        ,        
    
4.(a)       
:   ,             
   (      )      
               
      ,         
 
   ?
               
               
         ,       
      ,  5 + 3 * 2 ,  (*)  
  (+)    ,     
    
     ,  C         :
1.  :       , ,  
o + ()
o - ()
o * ()
o / ()
o % (,   )
2.  :             
o == ()
o != ( )
15
2
o > ( )
o < ( )
o >= (   )
o <= (   )
3.  :          
o && ( AND)
o || ( OR)
o ! ( )
4.  :            

o = ( )
o +=, -=, *=, /=, %= (  )
5.  :  -     
o & ( AND)
o | ( OR)
o ^ ( XOR)
o ~ ( )
o << ( )
o >> ( )
6.    :         1   
    
o ++ ()
o -- ()
7.  () : if-else      
o ? : ( )
8.  :
o sizeof (     )
o , ( ,         )
16
2
  
              
         ,        (
      )         
   (   )
 C       ,     :
1.  ():
o             ,   
              
     
o :  (2 + 3) * 4 ,          
2.  :
o             
      :
++ ()
-- ()
+ ( )
- ( )
! ( )
~ ( )
 
o : ++a * b , ++a ( a)   
3.   *, /, %:
o          ,    

o :  5 + 3 * 2 ,  3 * 2     ,   
5    ,  5 + 6 = 11  
17
2
4.   +, -:
o             
 
o :  5 - 2 + 3 ,     ,    3  
 ,  3 + 3 = 6  
5.   >, <, >=, <=:
o              
  
o : 5 > 3 + 2 ,     ,    5 > 5
    
6.   ==, !=:
o                
   
o : 5 == 5 ,          

7.  AND &&   OR ||:
o           
       
o : 5 > 3 && 2 < 4 ,      , 
 AND    
8.  ()  ?::
o            
       ,     
   
o : x = (y > 10) − 20 : 30 ,  y, 10   ,  x  20 
  ; ,  30   
9.   =, +=, -=, *=, :
o                
   
o :  x = 5 + 3 * 2 ,   3 * 2   ,   x
    
18
2

              ,  
            
   :   ,  ,   
  ,        ,     
        ,  a - b + c ,  a - b
     ,    
   :  (=, +=, -=, )     (?:)
           a = b = c   ,
 b = c      ,   a = b   


            :
: x = 5 + 3 * 2 - 8 / 4
1.    :
o 3 * 2   6  
o 8 / 4     2  
  x = 5 + 6 - 2  
2.   :
o 5 + 6   11  
o 11 - 2   9  
3.  x = 9,   9

   C            
      ,          
      ,      
19
2
(b)   ? C        
:      ?
  ,               
               
    ,    ,    ,     
    
             :
   ( )
     ()
       ( )
           ,    
     
1.  
            ,    
                
             
   :
 : ,     (;)    
o :
int a = 5 //  :   
  :    (  {     )
   }
o :
 (x > 0 { //  :      
("");
}
   : C  int, if, while      
         
o :
int int = 10; //  : 'int'    
20
2
 : C ,           
     ,       
o :
(", ); //  :     
   :
            ,   
      
            
2.  
                 
    ,              
        ,       
   :
  :       C      

o :
int = 10,  = 0;
printf("%d", a / b); //  :  
    ( ):       
           ,   
         
o :
int [5];
printf("%d", arr[10]); //  :      
    :        
   
o :
int *ptr = ;
printf("%d", *ptr); //  :     
   :
21
2
 :      ,  gdb (GNU ) 
           
 :        (  , 
   ,       )
3.  
              ,  
                  
       ,          
   :
   : -        

o :
int = 5,  = 10;
 (a > b) {
printf("a, b   "); //  : a, b    
}
        ,      

o :
int = 5,  = 10;
a = b; // a         ,  b  
printf("%d", a); //  :      
 if    :    if        , 
             
o :
int i = 0;
while (i != 10) { //  :    
("%d\n", i);
++;
22
2
}
   :
  :         
   
     :         
,    
 -           
 
4.   (-     )
      (, ,  )     ,  
                  
 ,         
   :
   :         ,  
    ,     
o :
void myFunction(); //         
 () {
 ();
0  ;
}
    :   printf()      
       ,     
   :
            
  

  ,                
    -  ,      -  
    -          
23
2
         ,   
               
           ,    

-
5.(a) if-else             
 ?
: If-Else            

 ,         ,      
     if-else          
   -                 
    -            
     
   ?
 ,          ,  if-else     
      :
 ? __ : __;
,           ,  expression_if_true 
  ;    ,  expression_if_false   
  ,  :
int x = 10, y = 5;
int  = (x > y) ? x : y;
  ,  x, y   ,     x ,   y 
-   ?
if-else                
                  
       :
 () {
//          
24
2
}  {
//          
}
  :
int x = 10, y = 5;
int ;
 (x > y) {
 = x;
}  {
 = y;
}
      
1.   :
          if-else    
               
            ,   
   
:
int  = (a > b) ? a : b;
 if-else :
          ,       
      
2.      :
             (   ), 
             
25
2
    ,          
   
3.      :
if-else   ,    -      {}
             
4. -:
    ,        
            ,  
              
:
(" : %d", (a > b) ? a : b);
5.    :     ,        
  ,     ,       
    
      
1.      :        
   ,            
           
        
:
int  = (x > y) ? (x < z ? x : z) : (y < z ? y : z);
    if-else       ,      

2.    :
             
            , if-else 
      ,         
      
3.      :
 ,           
      ,         
          ,      
    
26
2
 (  ):
 = (a > b) ? ((x > y) ? x : y) : ((p > q) ? p : q);
          if-else     
4.       :
            
           ,   if-else
     if-else  ,        
    
5.        :
               
            
     ,  if-else      
If-Else      
1.     :
                   
  ,  if-else         
        
2.       :
if-else             
 ,             
            
3.     :
               ,
 if-else            
 
:
,        ,        
27
2
4.   :
      ,  if-else         
               
   ,          
5.     :
if-else  else if             
           
If-Else      
1.     :
   , if-else          
         ,     
        
:
 (x > y) {
 = x;
}  {
 = y;
}
         
2.    :
-              
         ,     
  ,           
3.     :
if-else   ,             
          

   if-else         
,                 
     , if-else       ,
                
  
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2
 ,                  -
   ,      ,     
        ,  if-else     
 
()        
:   ,              
              -
              
       
1.  
C                  
       ,        
    :
    char array_name[size];      
 ,  ,           
            ,     
0    
                
   ( )  
:
 [5] = {'A', 'l', 'i', 'c', 'e'};
  ,   5              ,
     -      
 
:
              ,  
       ,     C  
             ('\0')  
              ,   
         ('\0')   
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2
2. 
 ,              
 ('\0')                
      ,         
       
   :
            , ""
   ,                
   
                C
         
:
char [] = "";
  ,  ""              ,
       '\0'          
 :
{'', '', '', '', '', '\0'}
 
:
  -  ,         '\0' 
C  printf, scanf,  strlen         
     
3.        
       ,         

1. :
               
('\0')  
         ('\0')        
  ,               
 
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2
2. :
      ,         
  
      ('\0')       
   ,          
3. :
    -          
   :
 [4] = {'', '', '', ''};
  ,             
           ,   
      :
char [] = "";
,         '\0'  
4. :
              
            
             ,     
    strlen()       ,   
      
5.  :
       -       
     ,         
   (     )
C           strcpy(), strcat(),  strlen()
         
     :
#  <stdio.h>
#  <.h>
 () {
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2
char str1[] = ""; //  
char str2[] = "";
strcat(str1, str2); //  
printf("%s\n", str1); // : HelloWorld
printf("str1  : %lu\n", strlen(str1)); // : 10
0  ;
}
  , strcat()          ,  strlen()  
        
6.     :
           ,   
              ,
      
     C          
       printf(), scanf(),  strlen()   
    ,         
4.        :
                
          ,         
         
 ,        ,         
               , 
            ( )   
   
:
 ,  C            ,  ,
             -
,                   C
                

32
2
6.                 
     
:  ,              

  
            , 2x3 
     2   3          
     ,   ,      
        
  ,         :
1.    .
2.    .
3.      .
  
      3x3    :
:
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
  :
   3 .
   3 
  :
   .
   .
   .
  
    ,     -- 
33
2
1.   :      (    )
     ,          
2.        ,       
3.      ,    ,    
   
4.             

        C  :
#  <stdio.h>
 () {
int , ;
//      (    )     
 ("    :");
("%d", &);
 ("    :");
("%d", &cols);
//  x       
int [][];
//        
("    :\n");
for(int i = 0; i < ; i++) {
for(int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
(" (%d, %d)  : ", i + 1, j + 1);
("%d", &[i][j]);
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2
}
}
// ,           
int rowSum, colSum, totalSum = 0;
//      
("\n   :\n");
for(int i = 0; i < ; i++) {
  = 0;
for(int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
rowSum += [i][j];
}
(" %d  : %d\n", i + 1,  );
}
//      
("\n   :\n");
for(int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
 = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < ; i++) {
colSum += [i][j];
}
(" %d  : %d\n", j + 1, colSum);
}
//         
for(int i = 0; i < ; i++) {
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2
for(int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
 += [i][j];
}
}
//        
 ("\n   : %d\n", totalSum);
0  ;
}
  
   -- :
1.    :          
            
 ("    :");
("%d", &);
 ("    :");
("%d", &cols);
2.    :
        ,         
            ,  
         
for(int i = 0; i < ; i++) {
for(int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
(" (%d, %d)  : ", i + 1, j + 1);
("%d", &[i][j]);
}
}
36
2
3.     :
    ,          rowSum 
            -  
 ,        
for(int i = 0; i < ; i++) {
  = 0;
for(int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
rowSum += [i][j];
}
(" %d  : %d\n", i + 1,  );
}
4.     :
            ,     
          
for(int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
 = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < ; i++) {
colSum += [i][j];
}
(" %d  : %d\n", j + 1, colSum);
}
5.    :
         ,        
         totalSum    
for(int i = 0; i < ; i++) {
for(int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
 += [i][j];
}
}
 ("\n   : %d\n", totalSum);
37
2
 
       :
    : 3
    : 3
    :
 (1, 1)  : 1
 (1, 2)  : 2
 (1, 3)  : 3
 (2, 1)  : 4
 (2, 2)  : 5
 (2, 3)  : 6
 (3, 1)  : 7
 (3, 2)  : 8
 (3, 3)  : 9
:
   :
 1  : 6
 2  : 15
 3  : 24
   :
1  : 12
2  : 15
3  : 18
   : 45
38
2

    ,             
            /
         ,     
                
            
-
7.                
?
: C  ,             
             ,   :
               , 
       ,           
          ,  C    
              
1.   ?
C               ,  
    ,       ,     
 C      ,       ,   
        ,      
             ,      
            
2.      
  ,       :
 :             
 ,      void  
  :             
          
 ():           
               
39
2
              ,  
   
:               
   
        :
#  <stdio.h>
//  
int addNumbers(int a, int b);
 () {
int  = addNumbers(3, 5);
(" : %d", );
0  ;
}
//  
int addNumbers(int a, int b) {
a + b  ;
}
  , addNumbers    (a  b)        
     addNumbers        
result    ,      
3. C         
C                
         
.   ()
 ,          ,   ,  
              
40
2
       ,       ,   
  
       :
return_type _(_);
:
int addNumbers(int, int);
       addNumbers     ,   int  
   int              
       
.  
               , 
,            
:
int addNumbers(int a, int b) {
a + b  ;
}
  , addNumbers    a  b      
C.  
                
    ,       ,      ,
              
:
int  = addNumbers(3, 5);
  ,  addNumbers   3  5     ,    result
    
4.     
C ,                   
:
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2
A.    
      -         ( 
)   ,         
:
  ( x,  y) {
x * y  ;
}
   -        
B.    
                 
      
:
 () {
(", !\n");
}
           
5.        
C          :
A.   
                 
       -       
 ,       -         
         
  ,          ,     
   ,   addNumbers      
. 
   , -     ,      
           ,      
                  
42
2
  ,         ,  , , 
    -   
.  
  ,               
 ,              
             
  ,               , 
              addNumbers  
  
D.  
              
      ,           
    ,              
               
.  
    -     ,     
     ,             
  -     

 ,  C           , 
    ,           ,
               
  :  (),           ,
       ,      
 
8. (a)               
()     
   ?      
 ?
:   :   
 ,               
        ( )         
43
2
,                    
          
    ?
   ,            ,     
   ,      ( )     ,     
 ,                  
      ,              
    
     
          
                    
    ,           
  ,                
        :
    
            
      ,         
 ,     ,         ,       
       
        ?
   C       
    :
#  <stdio.h>
addTen(int ) {
num = num + 10; //      10 
printf("   : %d\n", num); //    
}
 () {
int a = 5; //  
printf("    : %d\n", a); //    
44
2
addTen(a); //   'a'  
("    : %d\n", a); //      
0  ;
}
  ,   :
  addTen()     
  ,      10    
  a (  5 )     
       :
1. a   5 ,            
2.    addTen(a)  ,   5 (a  )     num  
  
3.   ,  num  10     ,  num 15  
4. ,         ,        ,
 a  
5.       ,  a      ,   5  
    
1.     :            
                
2.        :   ,        
   ,      ,      

3.               ,
-              ,  
    
    
1. :            ,  
           
2. :        ,       
                
           
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3. 
 :        ,     
              
    
    
1.       :         
           ,        
              
   ,      
2.        :        
  ,            
 ,   ,        
:    
       ,          
  ,      ,     ( )    ,
                ,  
 

 ,                  
        ,          
         ,        
                   
       ,          
          ,          
:             ( )       
       ,              
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