2

  -2023

..  

  

(    )

 : 3   : 75

:                

 -

1.    ?             

?               

2.       ?       



-

3.          ?

4.(a)        

(b)   ? C        

-

5.(a) if-else              

 ?

2

()         

6.                 

     

-

7.                 

?

8. (a)                

()      



     ?      

 ?

2

  -2023

..  

  

(    )

 : 3   : 75

:                

 -

1.    ?             

?               

:   ?

          , -    

                

          (         

 )         ,     ,   

         

               ,   

    ,    ,  ,     

  ,  ,     C      

   , --       

-        ?

            

      :

1.   -        ,   

            

2

2.  -     ,      

       ,        

   

3. - –        ,    

  ,           

4.      –  , -  -

              

            

5.   –        ,  

               

   ?

             :

•                  

•     (--) 

•          START, INPUT, PROCESS, OUTPUT,

END     

•   -           

,                 



:       

        :

1.          

2.         

3.        3    

4.  ,      

           



"   "  

  1,  2,  3

 ← 1 + 2 + 3

2

 ←  / 3

" =",   

 " =", 



  -- 

1.  -        

2.  "   " -           



3.  num1, num2, num3 -      ,   num1, num2

 num3    

4. sum ← num1 + num2 + num3 –         sum  

  

5.  ←  / 3 -        3       

     

6. DISPLAY "Sum =", sum –      .

7. DISPLAY "Average =",  -      

8.  –       

 

      :

1 = 10

2 = 20

3 = 30

,     :

 = 10 + 20 + 30 = 60

 = 60 / 3 = 20

 :

 = 60

 = 20

        

2

               

    ,     :

1.   .

2.        

3.       

4.        

5.      

         -       

  ,        

      

         ,    C     

        C           :

#  <stdio.h>

  () {

 1, 2, 3, , ;

 ("   :");

 ("%f %f %f", &num1, &num2, &num3);

 = 1 + 2 + 3;

 =  / 3;

 (" = %.2f\n", );

(" = %.2f\n", );

0  ;

}

2



  -          

      ,          

,                C  

         

2.       ?       



:    

 ,             

    ,           

          ,      

   ,    ,           

 

             ,   

  ,    ,        

   ,  ,          

      

    

         ,      

       :

1.   

                 

,               

  

:               

      :

• :    

• :  

• : =  × 

2

   ,              

 ,     ,      

2. ,      

        ,      :

• :     

• :   

•         

:        :

• :   

• :   ,   

•  : ,    ,        

3.      

      ,   ,       

       --       

:               :

1.       

2.          

3.          

4.     .

   ,     -    ,    

   

4.       

                

            

:     :

•          

•             

               

5.      

2

    ,              

              

:           :

•    2  -1      

•               , 

    

            

6.    

 C           

• :             

•                 



: -    :

• 

•  

•   % 2 == 0,  ""  

• , ""  

• 

              

7.     

  ,             

  

:  (  )  :

• :0°C → : 32°F

• :100°C → : 212°F

            



               -

      ,       ,  

2

  ,     ,         

 ,                  

         ,      

       

-

3.          ?

: ,    C  ,        

              ,    

                  

          ,      ,     , 

          

1.   

                  

               

          ,     -

-   --   ,          

   

C      :

• ():       ()       

 

• ():       ()       

  

• fgetc():          

• fputc():          

•   ():          (,    ) 

             

       ?

• getchar()  putchar():

o ()          , 

            

2

o ()         

                  

           

• gets()  fgets():

o gets()       ()        

     ( )        

          

o  , fgets()         ,   

          ,    

     

   :

• :              

          

•        ,        

   

   :

•       ,      ,

   -       

•   : ,          

   ,             

2.   

      ,            

                  

     ,           



C      :

• ():               

                ( 

,    ,      , )

•  ():               

                

   (  , , -  , )

2

       ?

• ():()             

                    

             (%d), - 

(%f),  (%s)           

  :

int  = 25;

("  %d\n ", );

, %d                  

  

•  (): ()              

              ,

         ,   %d   

 ,    -     ,   %f 

 

:

int ;

 ("   :");

 ("%d", &);

("  : %d", );

   :

•   :          

 ,   ,     ,    , 

   

•  :            

  (, , , -  )

• :       ,   -   

            

   :

• :   ,     printf()  scanf() 

      ,   -    

        

2

•          ,    

     

3.         

              

   :



  

  

 



   (,  ,

 )     



        

  (   )

 

      

(, , )    



     



     

    ,  

, scanf(), printf()

  /  

   ,   ,

getchar(), putchar()



     .

  ,   

  

 



  ,  

     

    

    ,  

     



4.  



  :

•   :             ,

         ,      , 

          

•  :              

   ,          (  ,

   //     )     

       -   

5 

 ,      -      

                  ,

2

               , 

                

         ,         

    

4.(a)        

:   ,              

   (      )      

                

      ,           

  

   ?

               

                

          ,       

       ,  5 + 3 * 2 ,  (*)  

  (+)    ,      

    

     ,  C         :

1.  :       , ,  

o + ()

o - ()

o * ()

o / ()

o % (,   )

2.  :             



o == ()

o != ( )

2

o > ( )

o < ( )

o >= (   )

o <= (   )

3.  :           

o && (  AND)

o || (  OR)

o ! (  )

4.  :            

 

o = ( )

o +=, -=, *=, /=, %= (  )

5.  :  -      

o & ( AND)

o | ( OR)

o ^ ( XOR)

o ~ ( )

o << ( )

o >> ( )

6.    :         1   

     

o ++ ()

o -- ()

7.  () : if-else      

o ? : ( )

8.  :

o sizeof (     )

o , ( ,         )

2

  

               

         ,        (

      )          

   (   )

 C       ,     :

1.  ():

o             ,   

              

     

o :  (2 + 3) * 4 ,          



2.  :

o             

      :

▪ ++ ()

▪ -- ()

▪ + ( )

▪ - ( )

▪ ! (  )

▪ ~ ( )

▪  

o : ++a * b , ++a ( a)    

3.   *, /, %:

o          ,    

 

o :  5 + 3 * 2 ,  3 * 2     ,   

5    ,  5 + 6 = 11   

2

4.   +, -:

o              

  

o :  5 - 2 + 3 ,     ,    3  

 ,  3 + 3 = 6   

5.   >, <, >=, <=:

o              

   

o : 5 > 3 + 2 ,     ,    5 > 5

    

6.   ==, !=:

o                

    

o : 5 == 5 ,          

 

7.   AND &&    OR ||:

o             

        

o : 5 > 3 && 2 < 4 ,      , 

  AND     

8.  ()  ?::

o              

       ,     

    

o : x = (y > 10) − 20 : 30 ,  y, 10   ,  x  20 

  ; ,  30    

9.   =, +=, -=, *=, :

o                

    

o :  x = 5 + 3 * 2 ,   3 * 2   ,   x

    

2



              ,  

            

•    :   ,  ,    

  ,        ,     

         ,  a - b + c ,  a - b

     ,    

•    :  (=, +=, -=, )     (?:)

            a = b = c   ,

 b = c      ,   a = b   

 



            :

: x = 5 + 3 * 2 - 8 / 4

1.    :

o 3 * 2   6  

o 8 / 4     2   

  x = 5 + 6 - 2   

2.   :

o 5 + 6   11  

o 11 - 2   9  

3.  x = 9,   9 



    C            

      ,          

      ,      

2

(b)   ? C        

:      ?

  ,               

                 

    ,    ,    ,     

    

             :

•    ( )

•      ()

•        (  )

            ,    

      

1.  

            ,    

                 

             

   :

•  : ,     (;)    

o :

int a = 5 //  :   

•    :    (  {     )

   }

o :

 (x > 0 { //  :      

("");

}

•    : C  int, if, while       

          

o :

int int = 10; //  : 'int'    

2

•   : C ,            

       ,       

o :

(", ); //  :     

   :

•             ,   

      

•             

2.  

                  

    ,               

          ,         

   :

•   :        C      

 

o :

int  = 10,  = 0;

printf("%d", a / b); //  :   

•     ( ):       

           ,    

          

o :

int [5];

printf("%d", arr[10]); //  :      

•     :         

    

o :

int *ptr = ;

printf("%d", *ptr); //  :     

   :

2

•  :      ,  gdb (GNU ) 

                

•  :        (  , 

   ,        )

3.   

                 ,  

                  

       ,          



    :

•    : -         

 

o :

int  = 5,  = 10;

 (a > b) {

printf("a, b   "); //   : a, b    

}

•         ,      

 

o :

int  = 5,  = 10;

a = b; // a         ,  b  

printf("%d", a); //   :      

•   if    :    if        , 

              

o :

int i = 0;

while (i != 10) { //   :     

("%d\n", i);

++;

2

}

    :

•   :         

    

•      :         

,    

•  -           

  

4.   (-     )

      (, ,  )     ,  

                  

 ,          

   :

•     :          ,  

    ,     

o :

void myFunction(); //          

  () {

 ();

0  ;

}

•     :   printf()         

       ,      

   :

•              

   



  ,                 

     -  ,       -  

    -          

2

         ,   

               

               ,    

 

-

5.(a) if-else              

 ?

: If-Else             



 ,          ,      

     if-else          

   -                 

    -             

     

   ?

 ,          ,  if-else     

       :

 ? __ : __;

,            ,  expression_if_true 

  ;    ,  expression_if_false    

  ,  :

int x = 10, y = 5;

int  = (x > y) ? x : y;

  ,  x, y   ,     x ,   y 

-   ?

if-else                 

                   

        :

 () {

//          

2

}  {

//          

}

  :

int x = 10, y = 5;

int ;

 (x > y) {

 = x;

}  {

 = y;

}

      

1.   :

           if-else    

                 

            ,   

    

:

int  = (a > b) ? a : b;

 if-else :

          ,       

      

2.      :

             (   ), 

              

2

    ,          

   

3.      :

if-else   ,     -      {}

              



4. -:

     ,         

             ,  

               

:

(" : %d", (a > b) ? a : b);

5.    :     ,        

  ,     ,       

      

       

1.      :        

   ,            

            

         

:

int  = (x > y) ? (x < z ? x : z) : (y < z ? y : z);

    if-else       ,      



2.    :

               

             , if-else 

      ,         

      

3.       :

   ,            

       ,         

          ,      

    

2

 (  ):

 = (a > b) ? ((x > y) ? x : y) : ((p > q) ? p : q);

           if-else     

4.       :

              

           ,   if-else

     if-else  ,        

     

5.         :

                

               

     ,  if-else      

If-Else      

1.     :

                   

  ,  if-else          

        

2.       :

if-else              

 ,               

            

3.     :

               ,

 if-else             

  

:

,        ,        

2

4.   :

      ,  if-else         

                 

    ,           

5.     :

if-else  else if             

            

If-Else      

1.     :

   , if-else          

          ,     

        

:

 (x > y) {

 = x;

}  {

 = y;

}

           

2.    :

-              

         ,     

  ,            

3.     :

if-else   ,             

            



    if-else           

,                  

      , if-else       ,

                 

   

2

 ,                  -

   ,       ,     

        ,  if-else     

  

()         

:   ,               

              -

               

        

1.  

C                      

         ,         

     :

•     char array_name[size];      

 ,  ,            

•             ,     

0     

•                 

   ( )   

:

 [5] = {'A', 'l', 'i', 'c', 'e'};

  ,   5              ,

     -       

 



•                 ,  

        ,     C   

             ('\0')  

•               ,   

          ('\0')   

2

2. 

 ,                 

 ('\0')                  

      ,           

       

   :

•             ,  ""

•    ,                

    

•                 C

          

:

char [] = "";

  ,  ""              ,

       '\0'           

 :

{'', '', '', '', '', '\0'}

 



•   -  ,         '\0' 

• C  printf, scanf,  strlen           

      

3.         

        ,          



1. :

•                 

('\0')   

•          ('\0')         

  ,               

  

2

2. :

•       ,         

    

•        ('\0')       

   ,           

3. :

•     -            

    :

 [4] = {'', '', '', ''};

  ,              

•             ,   

       :

char [] = "";

,          '\0'   

4. :

•                

               

•              ,     

    strlen()        ,    

       

5.  :

•        -       

     ,         

   (     )

• C            strcpy(), strcat(),  strlen()

            

     :

#  <stdio.h>

#  <.h>

  () {

2

char str1[] = ""; //  

char str2[] = "";

strcat(str1, str2); //  

printf("%s\n", str1); // : HelloWorld

printf("str1  : %lu\n", strlen(str1)); // : 10

0  ;

}

  , strcat()           ,  strlen()  

         

6.     :

•             ,   

               ,

       

•      C           

        printf(), scanf(),  strlen()    

    ,           

4.        :

                 

          ,          

          

  ,        ,         

                  , 

             ( )   

   

:

 ,  C              ,  ,

                - 

,                    C

                  

 

2

6.                 

     

:  ,              



  

             , 2x3 

     2   3            

     ,   ,       

        

  ,         :

1.    .

2.    .

3.      .

  

      3x3     :

:

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

  :

•    3 .

•    3 

  :

•    .

•    .

•      .

  

    ,     -- 

2

1.   :      (    )

     ,           

2.        ,       

3.      ,    ,    

   

4.               



        C  :

#  <stdio.h>

  () {

int , ;

//      (    )     

 ("    :");

 ("%d", &);

 ("    :");

 ("%d", &cols);

//  x       

int [][];

//        

("    :\n");

for(int i = 0; i < ; i++) {

for(int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {

(" (%d, %d)  : ", i + 1, j + 1);

 ("%d", &[i][j]);

2

}

// ,             

int rowSum, colSum, totalSum = 0;

//      

("\n   :\n");

for(int i = 0; i < ; i++) {

  = 0;

for(int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {

rowSum += [i][j];

}

(" %d  : %d\n", i + 1,  );

}

//      

("\n   :\n");

for(int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {

 = 0;

for(int i = 0; i < ; i++) {

colSum += [i][j];

}

(" %d  : %d\n", j + 1, colSum);

}

//           

for(int i = 0; i < ; i++) {

2

for(int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {

   += [i][j];

}

//          

 ("\n     : %d\n", totalSum);

0  ;

}

  

   -- :

1.    :          

              

 ("    :");

 ("%d", &);

 ("    :");

 ("%d", &cols);

2.    :

         ,         

              ,  

          

for(int i = 0; i < ; i++) {

for(int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {

(" (%d, %d)  : ", i + 1, j + 1);

 ("%d", &[i][j]);

}

2

3.     :

    ,           rowSum 

             -  

 ,        

for(int i = 0; i < ; i++) {

  = 0;

for(int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {

rowSum += [i][j];

}

(" %d  : %d\n", i + 1,  );

}

4.     :

             ,     

           

for(int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {

 = 0;

for(int i = 0; i < ; i++) {

colSum += [i][j];

}

(" %d  : %d\n", j + 1, colSum);

}

5.      :

           ,        

          totalSum     

for(int i = 0; i < ; i++) {

for(int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {

   += [i][j];

}

 ("\n     : %d\n", totalSum);

2

 

       :

    : 3

    : 3

    :

 (1, 1)  : 1

 (1, 2)  : 2

 (1, 3)  : 3

 (2, 1)  : 4

 (2, 2)  : 5

 (2, 3)  : 6

 (3, 1)  : 7

 (3, 2)  : 8

 (3, 3)  : 9

:

   :

 1  : 6

 2  : 15

 3  : 24

   :

 1  : 12

 2  : 15

 3  : 18

     : 45

2



    ,             

             /

          ,     

                 

            

-

7.                 

?

: C  ,                

             ,   :

                 , 

       ,           

          ,  C     

              

1.    ?

C                 ,   

    ,        ,      

  C       ,       ,   

          ,      

              ,      

              

2.       

  ,        :

•  :              

 ,      void  

•    :             

             

•  ():            

                

2

                ,  

    

• :                

    

         :

#  <stdio.h>

//   

int addNumbers(int a, int b);

  () {

int  = addNumbers(3, 5);

(" : %d", );

0  ;

}

//   

int addNumbers(int a, int b) {

a + b  ;

}

  , addNumbers     (a  b)        

       addNumbers        

result    ,       

3. C          

C                   

         

.    ()

  ,           ,    ,  

               

2

        ,         ,   

   

        :

return_type  _(_);

:

int addNumbers(int, int);

       addNumbers      ,   int  

   int                  

        

.   

                  , 

,             

:

int addNumbers(int a, int b) {

a + b  ;

}

  , addNumbers     a  b       

C.   

                   

    ,        ,       ,

               

:

int  = addNumbers(3, 5);

  ,   addNumbers   3  5     ,    result

     

4.      

C ,                      

:

2

A.     

        -            ( 

)   ,          

:

  ( x,  y) {

x * y  ;

}

    -         

B.      

                     

      

:

  () {

(", !\n");

}

              

5.         

C           :

A.   

                  

        -       

 ,       -           

          

  ,          ,     

   ,   addNumbers       

. 

   , -     ,      

            ,      

                   



2

  ,         ,  , , 

    -     

.  

   ,               

 ,                

               

  ,               , 

              addNumbers   

   

D.  

                 

      ,            

    ,               

                

.  

     -     ,      

     ,             

   -      



 ,   C            , 

    ,           ,

                  

  :  (),            ,

         ,      

  

8. (a)                

()      



     ?      

 ?

:   :   

 ,                

        ( )           

2

,                     

           

    ?

    ,             ,     

   ,       ( )     ,      

 ,                      

      ,                

      

     

          

                     

     ,             

  ,                 

        :

•       

•              

•       ,           

 ,     ,          ,       

        

         ?

   C         

    :

#  <stdio.h>

 addTen(int ) {

num = num + 10; //      10 

printf("   : %d\n", num); //    

}

  () {

int a = 5; //  

printf("    : %d\n", a); //    

2

addTen(a); //    'a'  

("    : %d\n", a); //      

0  ;

}

  ,   :

•    addTen()      

•    ,      10     

•   a (  5 )       

       :

1. a    5 ,             

2.     addTen(a)  ,   5 (a  )      num  

   

3.    ,  num  10     ,  num 15   

4. ,           ,        ,

  a  

5.        ,  a      ,   5   

    

1.     :            

                  

2.        :   ,         

   ,       ,       

 

3.                ,

-               ,  

      

    

1. :              ,  

             

2. :         ,       

                  

             

2

3.  



 :         ,     

                 

      

    

1.       :         

            ,        

               

   ,       

2.        :          

  ,              

 ,    ,          

:     

        ,          

  ,      ,     ( )     ,

                  ,  

 



 ,                     

        ,           

         ,         

                   



       ,          

          ,            

:             ( )       

        ,              

2